Declare and Consume Multidimensional and Jagged Arrays
Introduction
Arrays are useful for storing items in contiguous memory locations. But what if we need to store items in the form of rows and columns? Well, that's where multidimensional arrays come into the picture.
Multidimensional Array
Array Declaration
The general syntax for declaring a multidimensional array is:
1type [,,...] arrayName = new type [n1,n2,...];Here, type is the data-type of the array, arrayName is the name of the array, and n1,n2 are the dimensions.
The most common type of multidimensional array is a two-dimensional array.
1int [,] myArray = new int [6, 3];Similarly, we can declare a three-dimensional array.
1int [,,] myArray = new int [3, 3, 3];Array Initialization
We can initialize a multidimensional array as follows:
1string [,] tasks = new string [3,2] {
2 { "Task00", "Task01" },
3 { "Task10", "Task11" },
4 { "Task20", "Task21" }
5 };1int [,,] nums = new int [3, 2, 2] {
2 { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } },
3 { { 5, 6 }, { 7, 8 } },
4 { { 9, 10 }, { 11, 12 } },
5 };We can also initialize an array without specifying its dimensions.
1int[,] myArray = {
2 { 3, 4 },
3 { 5, 6 }
4 };To access the elements of a multidimensional array we can specify the index values as follows:
1myArray[1,2];A multidimensional array is also called a rectangular array. You'll most probably be using 2-dimensional arrays in your program or, if you are working on a modeling software that requires 3D objects, you might require 3-dimensional arrays as well, but it's highly unlikely that you'll be using an array with more than 3 dimensions.
Let's take a look at an example, where we need to store the coordinates of five locations.
We can store the coordinates in an array as follows:
1int [,] coords = new int [5, 2] {
2 { 43, 29 },
3 { 48, 12 },
4 { 145, 54 },
5 { 123, 612 },
6 { 12, 78 }
7 };We can also initialize using the shorthand syntax.
1int [,] coords = {
2 { 43, 29 },
3 { 48, 12 },
4 { 145, 54 },
5 { 123, 612 },
6 { 12, 78 }
7 };Example
To access all the coordinates we will have to loop through the array. Take a look at the complete code.
1using System;
2
3namespace multidarray
4{
5 class Program
6 {
7 static void Main(string[] args)
8 {
9 int [,] coords = {
10 { 43, 29 },
11 { 48, 12 },
12 { 145, 54 },
13 { 123, 612 },
14 { 12, 78 }
15 };
16
17 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
18 for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
19 Console.Write(coords[i,j] + " ");
20 }
21 Console.WriteLine();
22 }
23 }
24 }
25}Results:
143 29
248 12
3145 54
4123 612
512 78Let's make it even more interesting. Consider: we have to draw lines on the map joining the coordinates, for that we will need a 3-dimensional array which will store a pair of coordinates.
1using System;
2
3namespace multidarray
4{
5 class Program
6 {
7 static void Main(string[] args)
8 {
9 int [,,] lines = {
10 { { 43, 29 }, { 34, 67 } },
11 { { 56, 95 }, { 48, 12 } },
12 { { 145, 54 }, { 26, 69 } },
13 { { 56, 21 }, { 123, 612 } },
14 { { 12, 78 }, { 111, 37 } }
15 };
16
17 for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
18 for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
19 for (int k = 0; k < 2; k++)
20 Console.Write(lines[i,j,k] + " ");
21 Console.Write("\t");
22 }
23 Console.WriteLine();
24 }
25 }
26 }
27}Results:
143 29 34 67
256 95 48 12
3145 54 26 69
456 21 123 612
512 78 111 37Multidimensional arrays are great when we know the length of each element. For instance, in the previous examples, we knew that the length of each coordinate would be 2. But what if we need to store elements of variable length. Don't worry C# has got you covered for that as well.
Jagged Array
C# allows us to keep track of arrays inside another array called a Jagged Array. Each element of a jagged array is an array that can have different length.
Jagged Array Declaration
To declare a jagged array we need to specify the data type followed by two square brackets.
1type [][] arrayName = new type [n][];Here, type is the data-type of the array, arrayName is the name of the array, and n is the length of the jagged array. Note that we cannot specify another dimension in the second set of brackets, the compiler isn't cool with that.
So what's happening here is that the jagged array is referencing a single-dimensional array and each element in this array is referencing other arrays.
Let's take a look at an example,
1int [][] shoppingCarts = new int [3][];
2shoppingCarts[0] = new int [] { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
3shoppingCarts[1] = new int [] { 45, 65, 12, 45, 56, 78 };
4shoppingCarts[2] = new int [] { 52, 74, 10, 98, 12 };The shoppingCarts jagged array is storing the shopping carts of three users which contain the item number of the items present in the cart. Each cart is of variable length and independent of each other.
Jagged Array Initialization
There is also a shorthand version to declare and initialize a jagged array.
1int [][] shoppingCarts = {
2 new int [] { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
3 new int [] { 45, 65, 12, 45, 56, 78 },
4 new int [] { 52, 74, 10, 98, 12 }
5 };Jagged Array Example
Complete program to access the elements of a jagged array.
1using System;
2
3namespace jaggedarray
4{
5 class Program
6 {
7 static void Main(string[] args)
8 {
9 int [][] shoppingCarts = {
10 new int [] { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
11 new int [] { 45, 65, 12, 45, 56, 78 },
12 new int [] { 52, 74, 10, 98, 12 }
13 };
14
15 for (int i = 0; i < shoppingCarts.Length; i++) {
16 for (int j = 0; j < shoppingCarts[i].Length; j++) {
17 Console.Write(shoppingCarts[i][j] + " ");
18 }
19 Console.WriteLine();
20 }
21 }
22 }
23}Results:
11 2 3 4
245 65 12 45 56 78
352 74 10 98 12Conclusion
I hope you got to learn something new today, keep hustling and coding. Cheers.